Dr Himanshu Aggarwal

What is Reactive arthritis (ReA)?

Reactive arthritis is a noninfectious inflammation of one or several joints.

It may be self-limited, relapsing or chronic.

The condition sometimes follows an infection of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system.

There may be other non-joint features such as eye, genital tract, bowel or skin inflammation.

Who gets reactive arthritis?

ReA may follow an infection of the genital tract or bowel, but this is not always identified.

It is more common in men and Caucasians. ReA is rare after the age of 50.

The disease is associated with the HLA B27 gene in 50 -80% of patients.

What causes reactive arthritis?

The cause of ReA is unknown.

It is associated with the HLA B27 gene, but it is unclear why. It is also unclear why ReA is sometimes associated with infection. (Bacterial infections of the genital tract with Chlamydia or gastrointestinal tract with Shigella, Salmonella, or Campylobacter).

What are the signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis?

ReA may follow several weeks after a genital tract or bowel infection. The patient may have acute swelling, pain and redness in one or more joints.

Typically, it is more common in the lower extremity joints.

During the joint symptoms, one may also have noninfectious genital tract, skin or eye inflammation.

ReA patients may have tendonitis, especially of the heel. There may be spine involvement (like ankylosing spondylitis).

Traditionally, ReA is self-limited to 3 to 12 months, but up to 50% may have a relapsing or chronic disease. The disease is not life-threatening, and most people are able to work and function normally.

How is reactive arthritis diagnosed?

The diagnosis is typically made by a doctor taking a thorough history and physical examination.

A swollen joint may be aspirated to rule out an infection or gout. There is no specific test for the diagnosis of ReA. The HLA B27 gene may be checked by blood test in selected cases, but it is not diagnostic.

How is reactive arthritis treated?

At this time, there is no curative treatment. Any existing infection, if discovered, should be treated. The role of routine antibiotics is controversial.

Physical therapy, stretching and exercise are prescribed.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are given for pain and stiffness.

Steroid injections to involved tendons or joints can help relieve pain and inflammation.

In chronic or relapsing cases, similar treatments to rheumatoid arthritis can be considered to include methotrexate, sulfasalazine and the biologic antiTNFa drugs.

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